Origins of Mead

Prehistoric Beginnings
The exact origins of mead are lost in prehistory, but archaeological evidence suggests that mead production dates back to at least 7000 BCE. The earliest known evidence comes from pottery vessels discovered in Jiahu, an early Neolithic village in northern China. Chemical analyses of residues found in these vessels revealed a mixed fermented beverage of honey, rice, and fruits, indicating that mead, or a mead-like drink, was being consumed over 9,000 years ago.

Natural Fermentation
It is believed that mead was discovered accidentally. Honey, when diluted with water and exposed to wild yeasts, naturally ferments into alcohol. Early humans likely stumbled upon mead when rainwater collected in hollow tree trunks or containers containing wild honey, creating a spontaneous fermentation. This serendipitous discovery would have produced an intoxicating liquid that ancient peoples found both delightful and mystical.

Mead in Ancient Cultures

Africa

• Ethiopia
In Africa, mead has a long-standing tradition, particularly in Ethiopia, where it is known as tej. References to tej date back to the Aksumite Empire (1st century CE). Ethiopian mead is uniquely flavored with gesho (Rhamnus prinoides), a species of buckthorn that serves both as a flavoring agent and preservative. Tej remains an integral part of Ethiopian social and religious ceremonies.

Europe

• Ancient Greece
The ancient Greeks referred to mead as “ambrosia” or “nectar,” believing it to be the drink of the gods. Greek literature, including the works of Aristotle and Pliny the Elder, mentions mead and its medicinal properties. Before the widespread cultivation of grapes for wine, mead was a prevalent beverage in the Mediterranean region.

• Norse and Germanic Tribes
Mead held significant cultural importance among the Norse and Germanic peoples. In Norse mythology, mead is central to many tales, such as the “Mead of Poetry”, a magical mead crafted from the blood of the wise being Kvasir, granting wisdom and poetic inspiration to those who drank it. Vikings celebrated with mead in grand feasts, believing it to be a gift from the gods. Mead halls were central gathering places, epitomized by the legendary Heorot in the epic poem Beowulf.

• Celtic Traditions
The Celts considered mead a sacred beverage. It was associated with royalty and divinity, often used in religious rituals and ceremonies. Mead was a customary drink at weddings and was believed to enhance fertility, leading to the term “honeymoon,” referring to the practice of drinking mead for a lunar month after marriage to ensure happiness and fertility.

Asia

• India
In ancient India, references to mead appear in the Rigveda (circa 1700–1100 BCE), one of the oldest sacred texts, where it is called “madhu.” Mead was associated with the gods and used in sacrificial rituals. It was considered a symbol of immortality and divine favor.

• China
As previously mentioned, evidence from Jiahu suggests that early fermented beverages in China included honey as a primary ingredient, indicating a parallel development of mead-like drinks in East Asia.

Mead in Medieval Times

Monastic Production
During the Middle Ages, monasteries in Europe became centers for mead production. Monks cultivated bees for honey, not only for mead but also for candles and medicinal uses. Mead was often prescribed as a tonic for various ailments, reflecting the belief in its healing properties. Monastic meads were typically of high quality, with recipes often kept secret and passed down through generations.

Cultural Significance
Mead played a significant role in medieval feasts and celebrations. It was a symbol of prosperity and was commonly served at important events, such as coronations, festivals, and religious ceremonies. The beverage was enjoyed by all social classes, though the quality and quantity might vary.

Shift in Popularity

Agricultural Developments
As agriculture advanced, the cultivation of grapes and grains became more efficient and widespread. Wine and beer began to overshadow mead due to easier access to raw materials and the development of new brewing and winemaking techniques.

Honey Scarcity
Honey was a limited resource. Beekeeping required significant labor and land, making honey more expensive compared to other fermentable sugars. The introduction of sugar cane and later sugar beets provided cheaper alternatives for sweetening and fermentation.

Cultural Changes
The rise of the Roman Empire and its emphasis on wine culture influenced many regions of Europe. Wine became associated with sophistication and civilization, while mead was sometimes seen as a rustic or barbarian drink.

Mead in the New World
Colonial America
Early settlers in North America brought mead-making traditions with them. However, the abundance of grains led to beer becoming the predominant alcoholic beverage. Additionally, the prevalence of apple orchards made cider a common drink. Mead remained in the repertoire of homestead beverages but was not produced on a large commercial scale.
Mead in Mythology and Literature
Symbolism
Mead frequently appears in myths and legends as a symbol of divine inspiration, immortality, and abundance.
• Norse Mythology
The Mead of Poetry is a central myth where mead grants wisdom and poetic skill. Odin, the chief of the Norse gods, embarks on a quest to obtain this mead, highlighting its significance.
• Irish Mythology
Mead is associated with the Otherworld, consumed by gods and heroes. It is often linked to sovereignty and kingship.
Literary References
• Beowulf
Mead halls like Heorot serve as important settings. They are places of community, celebration, and storytelling.
• Welsh Mabinogion
Mead is a common element in these medieval Welsh tales, reflecting social customs and hospitality.
• Modern Literature
Authors like J.R.R. Tolkien in “The Lord of the Rings” and George R.R. Martin in “A Song of Ice and Fire” include mead to evoke a sense of historical depth and cultural richness.
The Decline and Resurgence of Mead
Decline
By the 17th century, mead consumption had waned significantly. Factors included:
• Industrialization
Urban growth reduced access to beekeeping. Honey became a luxury item, further diminishing mead’s popularity.
• Taxation and Regulation
Governments imposed taxes on alcohol production. Regulations often favored wine and beer industries, making mead production less economically viable.
20th-Century Revival
Historical Interest
A renewed interest in medieval culture, fueled by literature, movies, and historical societies, rekindled curiosity about mead.
Homebrewing Movement
The legalization of homebrewing in various countries during the late 20th century allowed enthusiasts to experiment with mead recipes, sharing knowledge and sparking wider interest.
Craft Beverage Industry
The rise of craft brewing and a consumer shift towards artisanal products created a market willing to explore traditional and unique beverages, including mead.
Modern Mead Production
Innovation and Variety
Contemporary mead makers are pushing boundaries, creating a wide range of styles:
• Traditional Mead
Made simply from honey, water, and yeast, allowing the honey’s character to shine.
• Melomel
Mead fermented or flavored with fruits such as berries, cherries, or apples.
• Metheglin
Spiced mead, incorporating herbs and spices like cinnamon, cloves, or ginger.
• Braggot
A hybrid of mead and beer, combining honey and malted grains.
• Cyser
Mead made with apple juice or cider, merging mead and cider characteristics.
Craft Meaderies
Hundreds of meaderies have been established worldwide, each bringing unique perspectives and innovations to mead-making. They often source local honey and ingredients, highlighting regional flavors.
Mead Around the World Today
Europe
• Poland
Polish meads (miód pitny) have protected geographical indication within the EU. Polish meaderies often age mead for extended periods, creating complex flavors.
• Nordic Countries
There’s a revival of mead in countries like Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, with producers embracing both traditional and modern styles.
• United Kingdom
The UK has a growing number of meaderies experimenting with innovative flavors while celebrating historical recipes.
North America
• United States and Canada
The craft beverage boom has led to a significant increase in mead production. Festivals, competitions, and associations support the industry’s growth.
Africa
• Ethiopia
Tej remains widely consumed, both domestically and in Ethiopian communities around the world. Traditional tej houses are cultural hubs.
Asia
• India
Mead is experiencing a resurgence, with several new meaderies focusing on local ingredients and traditional methods.
Cultural Significance and Modern Appreciation
Festivals and Competitions
Mead festivals and competitions celebrate the beverage’s diversity and craftsmanship, such as:
• Mazer Cup International
The world’s largest mead competition, held annually in the United States.
• International Mead Festival
Showcases meads from around the globe, promoting education and appreciation.
Culinary Pairings
Chefs and sommeliers are incorporating mead into menus, recognizing its versatility in pairing with various cuisines.
The Science and Art of Mead Making
Honey Varietals
The type of honey used significantly impacts mead’s flavor profile. Varietals include:
• Clover Honey
Light and mild, producing delicate meads.
• Buckwheat Honey
Dark and robust, yielding rich, full-bodied meads.
• Orange Blossom Honey
Floral and citrusy, adding complex aromas.
Fermentation Techniques
Mead fermentation requires careful management:
• Yeast Nutrients
Honey lacks certain nutrients yeast need. Adding nutrients ensures a healthy fermentation and reduces the risk of off-flavors.
• Temperature Control
Maintaining optimal fermentation temperatures prevents stress on yeast, which can produce undesirable compounds.
• Aging
Mead often benefits from aging, allowing flavors to meld and mellow. Some meads age for several years before bottling.
Challenges Facing Mead Today
Market Awareness
Many consumers are unfamiliar with mead. Education is key to expanding the market.
Regulatory Classification
Variations in how mead is classified (as wine, beer, or its own category) can complicate taxation and distribution.
Sustainability and Bees
The health of bee populations is critical. Mead producers often advocate for bee conservation and sustainable practices.
Conclusion
Mead’s journey from ancient accidental discovery to a modern craft beverage reflects human history’s richness and diversity. Its resilience and adaptability have allowed it to survive and thrive through the ages. Today, mead stands as a symbol of tradition and innovation, bridging cultures and generations. As interest continues to grow, mead’s future looks promising, promising new flavors, styles, and stories yet to be told.
References and Further Reading
• McGovern, P. E. (2009). Uncorking the Past: The Quest for Wine, Beer, and Other Alcoholic Beverages. University of California Press.
• Buhner, S. H. (1998). Sacred and Herbal Healing Beers: The Secrets of Ancient Fermentation. Brewers Publications.
• Acton, C., & Duncan, R. (1984). Making Mead (Honey Wine): History, Recipes, Methods and Equipment. G.W. Kent.
• Runnquist, A. (2019). Mead: The Libations, Legends, and Lore of History’s Oldest Drink. Crestline Books.
• American Mead Makers Association and other regional associations for up-to-date industry information.
Exploring Mead Further
Whether you’re a history enthusiast, a culinary adventurer, or just curious, delving into the world of mead offers a rich tapestry of tastes, traditions, and tales. Visiting local meaderies, attending festivals, or even trying your hand at home mead-making can deepen your appreciation for this ancient and timeless beverage.